Deep Dive into Object-oriented Programming in Python
Python OOPs Concepts
A key idea of Python is object-oriented programming, which enables programmers to create modular, scalable, and maintainable applications. Coders can fully utilise Python's OOP features to create elegant and effective solutions to challenging issues by grasping the fundamental OOP principles of classes, objects, inheritance, encapsulation, polymorphism, and abstraction.
What does Python's object-oriented programming mean?
Python object-oriented programming, or OOPs, is a paradigm for writing code that makes use of classes and objects. It attempts to incorporate into the programming real-world concepts like encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphisms. Binding data and functions that cooperate as a single unit is the fundamental idea behind object-oriented programming (OOPs) or oops principles in Python. This ensures that no other section of the code can access the data.
OOPs Concepts in Python
Class in Python
Objects in Python
Polymorphism in Python
Encapsulation in Python
Inheritance in Python
Data Abstraction in Python
Python Class: An object collection is called a class. The prototype or blueprints from which things are made are contained in a class. It is a logical entity with a few characteristics and functions.
Let's take an example to further explain why a class is necessary: imagine if you needed to keep track of the number of dogs that might have various characteristics, such as breed and age. If a list is utilised, the breed of the dog might be the first part and its age could be the second. In the event that there are one hundred distinct dogs, how would you determine which element belongs to which? This is disorganised, and classes are exactly what are needed.
A few things regarding the Python class:
Keyword class is used to construct classes.
The variables that are part of a class are called attributes.
Using the dot (.) operator, attributes can be retrieved and are always public. For example, Myclass.Myattribute
Python Objects
An object is an entity that has a state and behaviour associated with it in Python object-oriented programming. Any physical thing, such as a mouse, keyboard, chair, table, pen, etc., might be it. Objects include strings, dictionaries, even arrays, floating-point numbers, and integers. To be more precise, an object can be any single string or number. An object is the number twelve, an object is the phrase "Hello, world," an object is a list, and so on. It's possible that you have been using items without even realizing it.
An object is composed of:
State: An object's properties serve as a representation of it. It also reflects an object's characteristics.
Behaviour: It is embodied via an object's methods. It also shows how one object reacts to other objects.
Identity: It allows an object to communicate with other objects and assigns it a special name.
In order to comprehend the identity, behaviour, and state, let's use the previously stated class dog as an example.
One may think of the identification as the dog's name.
Dog breed, age, and colour are examples of states or attributes.
One can infer from the dog's behaviour whether it is napping or eating.
The method definition for the Python self-Class methods needs to include an additional initial parameter. When we call the method, we do not supply a value for this parameter; Python does.
Even in the case where our method has no arguments, we still require one.
This is comparable to the Java reference and C++ pointer.
This is all that the special self is about. When we call a method of this object, such as myobject.method(arg1, arg2), Python automatically converts this into MyClass.method(myobject, arg1, arg2).
Inheritance in Python
The ability of one class to derive or inherit properties from another class is known as inheritance in Python object-oriented programming. The class from which properties are derived is referred to as the base class or parent class, while the class that derives properties is referred to as the derived class or child class. The following are some advantages of inheritance:
It does a good job of capturing real connections.
It offers the possibility to reuse code. It is not necessary for us to write the same code repeatedly. Furthermore, it enables us to expand a class's functionality without changing it.
Because it is transitive, all of class B's subclasses will inevitably inherit from class A if class B inherits from another class A.
Types of Inheritance
Single Inheritance: A derived class can inherit traits from a single-parent class through single-level inheritance.
A derived class can inherit properties from its immediate parent class, which in turn inherits properties from its parent class, thanks to multilevel inheritance.
Multiple derived classes can inherit properties from a parent class thanks to hierarchical-level inheritance.
Multiple Inheritance: One derived class can inherit properties from more than one base class thanks to multiple-level inheritance.
Polymorphism in Python
Polymorphism in Python object-oriented programming simply refers to the ability to have several forms. For instance, polymorphism allows us to accomplish multiple tasks with a single function, such as determining whether or not the specified species of birds fly.
Python Encapsulation
Encapsulation is one of the core ideas of object-oriented programming (OOP) in Python programming. It explains the concept of encapsulating data and the operations performed on data in a single unit. This can stop data from being accidentally altered and restricts direct access to variables and procedures. An object's variable can only be altered by an object's method in order to prevent unintentional changes. We refer to certain kinds of variables as private variables.
Data Abstraction
It shields the user from pointless code details. Additionally, data abstraction came into play when we wanted to keep important elements of our code implementation private.
In Python, abstract classes are used to achieve data abstraction.
To Sum Up
In this article, we learned about object-orientation programming in Python, what it means and other topics like polymorphism in Python, Python Encapsulation and Data Encapsulation. If you are interested in these topics then you might also be interested in pursuing a Python course offered by various cities in India like Delhi, Bangalore, Pune and Mumbai. Python course in Gurgaon can be helpful for people residing in Gurgaon.